Reasonable Doubt

One of my honors professors set the signature of his emails to read, in Latin: "doubt everything."  His personal philosophy, at least in class, seemed to back this up.  He was very firmly agnostic and relativist in his views and believed that nothing could be proven because nothing was really true.  He stood in doubt of absolutely everything and considered himself the wiser for it.

These days, this is a very popular stance to take, especially when it comes to God and the supernatural.  Faith is said to be "blind" meaning "contrary to reason and evidence."  Popular culture reals with the apparent struggle between "religion" and "science" (which, in my opinion, is more of a controversy between two religious systems of thought--the fundamentalist Christian worldview and the neo-Darwinian atheist worldview--and their opposing scientific views--Creation science vs Evolutionary science).  This debate is alternately cast as the clash of "faith" and "reason" or "ignorant superstition" and "enlightened logic."  Those who embrace materialistic naturalism (the belief that the physical world is all that exists and that all phenomena in the universe and the universe itself can be explained by purely natural causes) and reject the notions of God and the supernatural are  acclaimed as brilliant, wise, learned, and are portrayed as having arrived at their conclusions through years of careful study of unquestionable empirical evidence and exactingly unbiased exercises in logic.  Those who believe in God are ridiculed as backwards and intellectually stunted.  They are said to hold their belief on the basis of pure emotional wish-fulfillment, magical thinking, and other such muddled illogical things.  Those who hold to further supernatural beings and occurrences (such as prophesy, angels, demons, miracles, visions, healings, etc) beyond the simple idea of a distant creator god are classified as totally insane.

Frankly, all of this makes my position as a Christian and as a mystic somewhat embarrassing.  To believe these things, I am told by popular opinion, I must be very unreasonable.  The only way to truly be reasonable is to doubt them, and the one who doubts them is wise and reasonable by definition.

Thinking about it, though, what I find most embarrassing is that I accept this sort of derision and even hold it as true, more often than I'd like to think about.  It is a shame that we as Christians nod our head to this sort of slander from the world and say, "Yes, yes, our faith cannot be really proven, you just have to accept it without question.  There really is, as you say, no proof, no argument, no logic, no evidence to back up our position: all we have is blind faith."  When we say this by our words and actions we affirm that the only reasonable position out there is the position which stands in doubt or rejection of God and the supernatural.

Is it really true that faith and reason are such bitterly opposed enemies?  Does it really make sense that the God who created our minds and invented reason would insist that we switch these things off in order to even realize He exists?  Would the God who created everything really rig it so there was not a scrap of evidence to prove He was real?  We believe that God came in the flesh around 2,000 years ago as a real historical event, commemorated this very day by the celebration of Christmas...and how then can we believe that all historical evidence is against our position?  It does not make sense!  If these things are true, I say that the atheists are right: if it the only reasonable position is to doubt God, then our god does not exist--or if he does he is playing a cruel joke on us all and is a farce of the God we've believed Him to be.

So, let us be reasonable for a moment.  Let us be unbiased (as much as possible), logical, cool and unswayed by emotionalism or empty claims.  Included in this, let us stand, at least at first, in doubt even of the statement that doubt is reasonable, specifically as it applies to the supernatural.  Let us not accept this on blind faith.  Let it be proven that to be reasonable is to be naturalistic in one's thinking. Is this really true?

Well, if it were really true, then should we not expect the naturalistic explanation to be a fully reasonable one, with no internal inconsistencies?  Should we not expect it to logically and concisely explain the entirety of existence and human experience?  If empirical evidence points only to natural explanations, should we not expect all points of naturalism to be backed by empirical evidence--or at least able to be so backed?  If only the doubt of religion is reasonable then shouldn't there be a reason for everything in naturalistic atheism?  Logically if the claims made about the reasonableness of religious doubt are so, then the answer to all these questions should be yes.  Further, we should be able to see all of these things in our world today.  If doubt is reasonable then it should be supported by reason, no? :)

So, is it?  Here I invite you, the reader, to do your own through investigation.  Leave no stone unturned and shun no source until you have proven it to be unreliable.  I will give the answer that I myself have found out by my own observations and lines of reasoning, but don't take my word for it.  Stand in doubt of me until you have found it true beyond reasonable doubt yourself.

My answer is no: religious doubt does not, in fact, prove to be reasonable.  Naturalistic explanations of the world are filled with internal inconsistencies, including the following: life arising from non-life and everything arising from nothing (contrary to naturalistic science and atheist objections to Genesis), complex design and coded information arising from non-intelligent sources (which are, mind-mindbogglingly, imbued with superhuman intelligence and divine powers whenever anyone writes of such things as natural selection), dating inconsistencies, conflicting causation theories, and many more.  Little reliable empirical evidence for such views exists and all such evidence has equally valid counter explanations, and huge parts of the worldview cannot even be backed by empirical evidence (including empiricism itself, which asserts that empirical evidence is the most reliable, yet can give no naturalist reason as to why this should be, see the following).  Further, naturalistic atheism is totally unable to give any reasonable explanation for most things.  The naturalistic atheist answer to the question of why we even exist is a classic example of this: "There is no reason!  We're all just freak accidents!  It just happened!"  This is the standard "reason" given for pretty much everything, even though the probability of so many "accidents" coinciding to create the reality we observe to exist is admittedly so staggeringly small that to say it is "improbable" that everything just happened is a laughable understatement.  To say it is impossible strikes nearer the truth but still fails to express just how absurdly small and insurmountable the odds are.  Based on this, if I were to say that the only reasonable position is the position of religious doubt, I would be intellectually dishonest.

If anything, the reality is the opposite: faith is a thing proven, or at least provable, beyond reasonable doubt--if only one side can be reasonable, it is the believer's, not the unbelievers.  A strong case for the total internal consistency of the Christian worldview can and, in many cases, has been made.  While Christianity makes no  claim that only empirical evidence is valid, many of its claims can be empirically proven--and only it gives a reason that empirical proof should work (in the Christian worldview the natural world is consistent because God set up its laws and He is consistent; in the atheistic world, why should we expect a randomly generated world to be consistent rather than random?).  The Christian worldview can give a reasonable explanation for everything, and, in most cases, has already done so many times over.

If this is true, then it changes our approach to apologetics and faith.  We should not accept new beliefs blindly if we do not know their source to be reliable.  We should not, as the Mormons do, accept something as true simply because it provides some emotional appeal (Mormons converts are encouraged to believe the Book of Mormon if, upon praying about it, they receive a "testimony"--which amounts to positive emotional feelings).  While emotions and experiences are valid and real--having been created by God--so are reason, logic, and evidence--having been created by the same God.  When we have proven the trustworthiness of something beyond reasonable doubt (such as the Bible), we should then treat any doubts that arise concerning it accordingly.  After all, if I believe gravity to be proven beyond reasonable doubt (which I do) then I will approach any claims of violating the law of gravity or any doubts that such a law exists with suspicion.  Rather than first going to re-evaluate and re-prove the validity of that which I have established to be beyond reasonable doubt, I should first try to find out if the doubt that has just arisen is reasonable (is there reasonable grounds for questioning the validity of the source that has claimed that the law of gravity is a farce?).  I should go through life with the inherent assumption in everything I do that what I believe and have proven to be true actually is true.  If I believe it and have proven it, I should build my life around it.

When it comes to questions raised by others, it is lazy of me to simply defend my own position.  If Christianity is reasonable and atheism is not, then why not point out that this is the case.  Instead of being content to fend off the challenges of the religious doubters, why not issue some challenges for them?  It is only reasonable to do so, if the truth of Christianity is--as I hold it to be--proven beyond reasonable doubt.

The Cosmological Argument & Conclusions

There's no proof that God exists!


If I had a nickel for every time an atheist says that, I'm sure I'd be rich.  My experience is, though, that this statement simply isn't true.  Today, I'd like to share one of my favorite reasons why: the Kalam formulation of the Cosmological Argument--and show just how far the implications of this argument can go.

Basic Argument:
The Cosmological Argument has three parts:

1. Everything that has a beginning to its existence has an external cause.
2. The universe has a beginning to its existence.
3. Therefore the universe has an external cause.

The evidence for the premises is pretty extensive.  The first premise is supported by common knowledge.  Everyone knows that everything that begins to exist has a cause.  If you heard a loud bang and asked what caused it, you would be very surprised, and also very dubious, if someone replied, "Oh, those just happen.  Nothing causes them."  Though no one may know the cause (and no one may care) you would certainly know that a cause existed.  You would be equally frustrated if the person replied, "Oh, actually, that bang caused itself."  Now, that's just silly.  Logically, the cause of a thing cannot be the thing itself.  An oak tree may grow in the forest from the acorn of another oak tree, but it does not grow from one of its own acorns (except perhaps in science fiction where the tree might produce a logical paradox by going back in time and planting itself with one of it's own acorns).

The second premise is supported by the scientific evidence provided by the study of our universe.  There are several sorts of evidence showing this.  The first is the expansion of the universe.  The universe is now known to be expanding in all directions at high speed.  Given this fact, scientists conclude that the universe must have been smaller in the past, and that in the distant past the universe must have been shrunk down to an infinitesimally tiny point, that it must have had a beginning to its own existence and all this expanding at the Big Bang.  This is the most widely accepted scenario, but all scientists do agree that the universe is not eternal.  It has a beginning.  A second point of evidence, more often ignored, is the Second Law of Thermodynamics.  The Second Law of Thermodynamics is that any system, left to its own devices, tends to accumulate more entropy (disorder, randomness, and chaos).  I have heard some people try to dodge the Second Law by claiming it only applies to closed systems, but that is ridiculous.  We can observe that the Second Law applies to every system we can observe and we have yet to observe a system which violates it--hence the term "law."  We cannot observe any actual closed systems, since it is impossible (or at least nearly impossible) to create one: no matter how well we insulate an environment, there will be some movement of heat, energy, or material with the outside world, preventing the system from ever being truly closed--and yet the Second Law will still apply to it.  In any case, the Second Law, when applied to the universe, demands at least that the universe have a beginning.  If the universe was eternal, then the Second Law would have had an infinite amount of time to fill it with infinite entropy (which thankfully, it hasn't).  Therefore, the universe must have a beginning.

From these premises, the conclusion follows naturally.  If all things which have a beginning to their existence must have an external cause, and the universe has a beginning to its existence, then the inescapable conclusion is that the universe too has an external cause.  A Christian would assert that this cause is God.

Objections

At this point, atheists assert a number of objections.  One of the most common is that the cosmological argument requires that God also have a cause, or a god who created God.  This is a reductio ad absurdum argument.  The atheist attempts to reduce the cosmological argument to so much mush by showing that it proves God must have a cause, and that cause must have a cause and so on and so forth:

1. Everything which begins to exist has an external cause
2. God has a beginning to His existence
3. Therefore God has an external cause

Unfortunately, this attempt is, in itself, absurd.  The universe is defined as the sum of all space-time and matter-energy, all of which are known to have had a beginning.  As stated above, the cause of the universe, must be external to the universe since the universe cannot cause itself to exist.  To put it another way, the cause of space-time must exist beyond space-time.  Things which exist beyond time cannot have a beginning, since a beginning requires time to be meaningful.  Furthermore, the definition of God as used by Christians is an eternal (beginningless) being.  It would be a contradiction in terms to say that God has a beginning.  Thus, the atheist  argument for a cause of God falls apart.

1. Everything which has a beginning to its existence has an external cause--> Proven by common knowledge.
2. God has a beginning to His existence--> Glaring error: contradiction in terms!  By definition, God and/or the cause of the universe cannot have a beginning to His/their existence.
3. Therefore God has an external cause--> Rejected due to invalidation of premise 2

Most often, atheists try to get around this problem by trying a reformulation of the Cosmological Argument, hoping it will be one to which God will not be immune and one in which they can trap and prove illogical His existence:

1. Everything that exists has a cause.
2. God exists.
3. Therefore God has a cause.

The problem with this reformulation is that it substantially changes the Cosmological Argument.  Usually the atheist tries to act as though the reformulated premise 1 is identical and interchangeable with the original first premise, but it isn't.  Not everything that exists has a cause: only things which have a beginning to their existence have causes!  Logically things with beginnings are the only things which can have causes.  Imagine I took you out to see a magical bridge over a river and told you that this bridge had always existed, and in fact somehow proved that it was so.  Would you then ask me how that bridge came to be, what caused it?  If you did, I would know for certain that you had rejected my statement that the bridge had no beginning: for only things which have a beginning can have a cause.

At this point, the atheist will object that only God is proposed as having a beginningless existence and will try to dismiss the argument as a theistic ploy.  However, this is simply not true.  While there are no magical eternal bridges over rivers, there are a great many things that have always been around, or at least very probably have always existed.  The first set of things is the rules of logic.  The rules of logic exist: we prove that every time we appeal to them as meaningful things in our arguments and daily lives.  The rules of logic exist, and therefore square circles and eight-sided triangles cannot.  Furthermore, the rules of logic do not have a beginning.  There has never been a time when square circles and eight-sided triangles have been free to exist, because the rules of logic have always been in existence.  The Cosmological Argument itself assumes this, because if logic had a beginning and that beginning was before the existence of the universe, then there can be no logical argument (nor any speculation) about the beginning of the universe.  If the rules of logic began to exist at some point, then we might as well say that the universe worblestattled into flummox without a cause, first taking the shape of a giant pink-and-green polka-dotted rabbit--because all logic and reason goes right out the window.  Fortunately for this blog however, logic exists and has no beginning.  The physical laws of the universe also, though at one time lacking anything to operate on, are also unanimously accepted as existing (you aren't floating as you read this: gravity exists) and having no beginning (when the first particles of matter were created in the universe, they were attracted to each other by gravity--though driven apart by still greater forces).  Additional examples may be found, such as moral law, but I have gone on long enough to prove my point:

1. Everything that exists has a cause-->Only things with a beginning can logically have a cause.  A great many things that exist do not have beginnings.  Therefore the number of exceptions to this premise invalidate it.
2. God exists.-->You'll get no argument from me on that one!
3. Therefore God has a cause-->Conclusion invalidated by refutation of first premise.

Another objection is that if God exists--even uncaused--the Cosmological Argument shoots itself in the foot.  After all, God must have decided at some point to create the universe.  This decision must have had a beginning and thus been proceeded by a number of other thoughts, factors and causes, stretching back infinitely.  Since many who hold to the Kalam Cosmological Argument also hold that an actual infinity cannot exist, the atheist uses this to shoot the argument down, since applying it to the thoughts of God results in an actual infinite.

There are two problems with this approach, however.  First of all, it ignores the fact that a meaningful beginning requires time.  In deciding to create the universe, God could not have had any temporal thought of creating it, and thus none of His thoughts would have had a meaningful beginning.  Some atheists try to get around this by admitting that, while God's thoughts wouldn't have had a beginning in time (since time did not exist), they would have at least proceeded one another in logical terms.  After all, I can say, "Because triangles are three-sided shapes, an eight-sided triangle cannot exist" and the thoughts proceed one another without requiring time.  Unfortunately, the Cosmological Argument does not apply to such relationships.  While the invalidation of eight-sided triangles may have a beginning in the realm of logic, it does not have a temporal beginning (a very different kind of beginning), and that kind of beginning is the only kind the Cosmological Argument can speak to.  So, whether there were proceeding thoughts or no, the Cosmological Argument would have no bearing on them.

Finally, an atheist may object that the cosmological argument is comparing apples to oranges.  Since the universe is the set of all space, time, matter, and energy, the argument goes, it is not a "thing."  Only "things" which begin to exist require causes.  Since the set is not a member of itself, atheists feel free to arbitrarily exempt it from the logical implications of having a beginning.  Unfortunately, the universe itself defeats this approach, by behaving in every way exactly like its members.  Its members are subject to natural law, and so is it.  A rock (a member of the universe), if thrown upward, will experience the force of gravity pulling it back down. Similarly, the universe (the set of all its members) also experiences gravity, to the extent that sufficient gravity would be able to halt its expansion and pull it back down.  Its members are also subject to the rules of logic--which is why the universe contains no square circles or ever-popular eight-sided triangles. The universe itself is also subject to the same rules--and thus cannot be shaped like a square circle or an eight-sided triangle.  This subjection to the rules of logic is the most important, since the Cosmological Argument is logic.  If the universe behaves in a way subject to the rules of logic in the same way as its individual members behave, then we can indeed call it a "thing" since it behaves like a thing, and thus it will remain subject to the Cosmological Argument.  It's beginning will not be an exception: it too will have an external cause.

Implications

Since the Cosmological Argument stands firm in asserting that the universe has a cause external to itself, some atheists will accept it and yet still resist identifying the cause as God.  At first, this is very logical.  After all, the Cosmological Argument's simple premises do not say anything except that an external cause to the universe exists.  They do not readily identify that cause as the God of Christianity.  However, the logical implications of the argument can do just that.

To start, we can look at the implications of the last part of the conclusion: the universe has a cause external to itself.  This means that the cause must exist beyond time, space, matter, and energy.  To put it another way, the cause must be eternal (not bound by time), omnipresent (not bound by space), non-corporeal (not bound by matter), and omnipotent (not  bound by energy).

Consider first the common atheist assertion that the cause of the universe was a set of pre-existing conditions or a mindless impersonal force.  In both situations, the resulting situation is the same.  If the cause of the universe is simply a mindless creative power, then that power would have existed eternally beyond time.  Since this power would have no will to restrain it or send it forth, it would immediately create the universe.  It would be the same as turning on a light switch and screwing in a lightbulb into its socket.  The electric circuit has no will, so as soon as it is capable of turning on the lightbulb, it will.  Since the impersonal force would have existed eternally, it would have been eternally capable of creating the universe and would have, as a result, created it in eternity past.  The result is a lightbulb that has always been on, a universe that has always existed.  Yet, of course, we know that the universe has not always existed: it has a beginning.  Therefore, the cause of the universe cannot be a mindless force or a set of preconditions: it must have a free will which can equally choose to create or not create the universe.  Only in this situation does the non-eternal existence of the universe make sense, since it is not logically necessary for a being with such free will to immediately choose to create the universe, or to choose to create the universe at all.  In this case, (going back to the light switch and the light bulb) it is equally possible for the electric circuit to be opened or closed and therefore the circuit can be capable of turning on the lightbulb, but not do so.

So, the cause must have enormous power and must have incredible freedom of will.  But is the cause intelligent?  For answer, we can look at the universe it has caused.  This universe contains information in the form of DNA (lots and lots of information).  So far as we know, all information has an intelligent source.  We cannot conceive of any set of coded information which would not have an intelligent source.  If it didn't have an intelligent source, it wouldn't be information.  An example of its unanimous assumption in play is the search for extra-terrestrial life.  We scan the skies for radio signals (a form of information).  If we find a signal, but show that it has a non-intelligent source (such as a quasar), we say that it's not actually a signal, it's not information.  So, if the universe contains information in the form of DNA codes, then these--however they were actually produced--must have an intelligent source.  Thus, the cause of this information-containing universe must be intelligent.

So, we have an intelligent, self-sovereign being who is omnipotent, eternal, omnipresent, and non-corporeal as the proven cause of the universe.  That, I think is enough to conclude that this cause is some kind of god: though what kind it does not exactly say.  Further investigation, however, can narrow the field.

Consider, for instance, the question of whether this god is good or evil.  A good answer to this question goes back to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.  Much of what we consider evil (decay, death, chaos, destruction) is scientifically considered entropy.  According to the Second Law, the entropy of the universe is increasing.  That means that, when the universe first began, it had much less, or even no, entropy.  The universe began in a very good state.  Since evil creates evil and good creates good, it is logical to conclude that the god who caused the universe was entirely or at least mostly good.  To assume the former makes much sense of moral law.  A perfectly moral being can serve as a source of moral law, anchoring its existence.

If we assume a perfectly good god, can we still wind up with the Deist's god, who exists but refuses to reveal himself?  I do not think so.  One of the properties of goodness is to take proper care of one's things.  God created the universe, therefore it is his thing.  If he were not to take care of it, he would not be a good god.  Thus, this perfectly good god must be involved in the universe.

How then can we justify this conclusion with the fact that evil continues to persist in our universe, and, in many cases goes on unpunished?  If this god is perfectly moral he must also be perfectly just.  He must punish all wrongdoing.  Not all wrongdoing is punished in this observable life.  Therefore, a further unobserved existence (an afterlife) must exist wherein this god must punish wrongdoing.  To what extent does he do this?  Well, since all of us break our moral codes, and fall far short of any perfect objective moral code, we must conclude that this justice in the afterlife will be severe and that all of us will be subject to it.  At first, there seems to be no way out of it.

However, one of the properties of perfect morality is love, compassion, and mercy.  If god demonstrates perfect justice, he must also demonstrate these properties perfectly as well.  This puts god in a paradox.  First of all, these are all relational properties: how can a god display them in eternal existence if alone?  The only solution is if God, by Himself, is not alone, if He is, as Christianity puts forth, a Trinity.  Second, if God must be perfectly merciful and perfectly just to us, how can he at the same time punish our wrongdoing and pardon our sin?  The only possible answer is if some form of substitution can be made.  If someone volunteers to and is able to take punishment for all of our wrongdoing, then we may be pardoned on this one's behalf.  The only one able to bear such infinite punishment and the only one normally exempt from punishment Himself is God.  Ingeniously, the first solution solves the second problem.  If God is in relationship with Himself as a Trinity, then one of the members of the Trinity is capable of voluntarily performing a substitution on behalf of us and all Creation for God Himself.  If such a substitution were to be performed (which logically it would be required, given the present state of the universe and the proven state of God), then it would not be automatically applied to all against their will.  After all, any substitution requires the agreement of all three parties: the two original parties (the accused and the judge) and the third party (the substitute).  The substitute cannot decide to give himself the punishment and call it even if the judge and the accused don't agree to it.  Neither can the judge substitute the third party against his will, nor can a substitution agreed upon by the judge and the third party go into affect if the accused refuses it.  So, the situation stands so: God, the judge, and God, the substitute, have both agreed to the substitution since it is the only way to uphold His justice and His mercy simultaneously.  Most of us, however, have not yet agreed, and there is no guarantee we will.  We are perfectly free to refuse, since making the offer and being willing to uphold it is what maintains God's perfect morality--it is not contingent on us accepting it.  On the other hand, we are perfectly free to accept God's offer, if we do so, we receive the mercy of God in the afterlife rather than his justice...and that is the gospel from the Kalam Cosmological Argument and its implications.

As Sisters in Christ, or The Importance of a Comma

To my Brothers in Christ, in consideration of my Sisters in Christ:

There's a verse that is often quoted in my church regarding the proper relationship between young men and women.  It's 1 Timothy 5:2, which exhorts the reader (a young man, Timothy) to treat "younger women as sisters, with absolute purity."

Now, very often when this verse is quoted, the emphasis is placed on the word purity, and often in my own mind, I place the emphasis there, on the word purity rather than on the word sisters.  What I understand from that emphasis is that it is more important to behave myself with purity toward my Sisters in Christ than it is to behave myself toward them as a brother would and should.  In fact, since the definition of purity in our language today is simply an absence of impurity, then by this definition of absence it seems perfectly okay to not treat my Sisters in Christ as sisters at all.  After all, if I have no relations with them whatsoever, I cannot be accused of being impure toward them and therefore I have, in my mind fulfilled the command of 1 Timothy 5:2.

At least, so I might think.  But in fact, the Bible has a very different perspective on that sort of behavior.  The New Testament everywhere abounds with commands for Christians (regardless of gender, age, ethnicity, or social standing) to love each other with the same extreme love that Christ shows to the Church.  1 Timothy 5:2, further, says not only that we men are to treat younger women with absolute purity, but also that we are to treat them as sisters--and this last implies that there must be some sort of relationship between Brothers and Sisters in Christ.  They are not to have the purity-by-default that comes from just never speaking to each other.  They are to be treated as sisters, too.

Or are they?  Here is where the placement of the comma in 1 Timothy 5:2 becomes important.  A comma denotes a separation of phrases and removing it changes the meaning of a sentence (most famously the sentence: "A panda is a large black and white mammal that eats, shoots, and leaves.").  So, 1 Timothy 5:2 can be read two ways.  First, it can be read as treat "younger women as sisters with absolute purity" meaning that, in addition to treating the younger women as sisters, we are to--above and beyond that--treat them with absolute purity.  This implies that there is something lacking in the purity of ones relationship with one's sister.  It means that it would be impure for a Brother and Sister in Christ to act like an actual brother and sister.  In order to guard against some unspecified impurity that exists in ones natural family, a man must treat the women around him as sisters with absolute purity on top of that.

But that's not what the verse says, because that part of 1 Timothy 5:2 contains a comma, separating the clauses as sisters and with absolute purity.  This means that it can be read as two clauses repeating the same idea, rather than one (with absolute purity) adding onto the other (as sisters).  That means that it could just as well read treat "younger women with absolute purity, as sisters" or, as the New Living Translation has it: "treat younger women with all purity as you would your own sisters."  This second reading disavows the implications of the first one.  Rather than saying there is some sinister impurity in the brother-sister relationship which must be guarded against, it creates an equivalency: treating younger women as sisters is the same as treating them with absolute purity.  This is an important distinction to make, and it effects the way we behave toward our Sisters in Christ: it means we are to love them literally as if they were our own flesh-and-blood sisters (because in Christ, that's what they are).  The bond between brothers and sisters in our own families can (and, ideally, should) be deep and strong, a source of support and comfort.  Brothers and sisters do all sorts of things together and their relationships may be very intimate, but at the same time never contains a hint of impurity.  I may, for example, hug my little sister, spend a lot of time with her, and tell her my secrets, but I would never lust for her or incite her to lust for me.  That's just not natural!  It simply doesn't come into my mind, not because my sister looks like a sack of potatoes (she doesn't) but because I love her too much to even consider such an impure thing.  The same thing, I think, should ideally be true of our relationships with our Sisters in Christ.  Obviously, we should have no impurity toward them, which includes no lusting for them.  But we should not achieve this purity by strictly restraining our love toward our Sisters in Christ by an arbitrary list of legalistic standards that say what we can and can't do to them, with them, or for them (I see no justification in the Bible for ever cutting back in loving anyone, and these methods are not actually effective anyway).  We don't act that way to our natural sisters!  Rather, we should let our Christ-given love for our Sisters in Christ play out, precluding the possibility of impurity toward them, just as our natural love for our sisters precludes the possibility of lusting for them.

To give an example of how this might play out, I was at a group prayer meeting a couple weeks back, sitting on a couch with our group gathered around.  On the other end of the couch was another Christian guy and between us sat a Sister in Christ we both knew.  At one point during the praying, this Sister became reminded of a past loss she had suffered and began to cry hard.  There were no other girls on the couch, just me and this other Brother in Christ.  What were we to do?  Both of us tried to use 1 Timothy 5:2 as a guideline.  My Brother in Christ interpreted the verse as read with the comma, with the emphasis being on sisters because treating a woman as as sister means treating her with absolute purity.  He concluded that the right course of action would be whatever he would do to this young woman if she were is flesh-and-blood sister.  Unfortunately, he came from a family of all boys and so he didn't know what that actually meant, and he sat paralyzed (in his defense, he later brought up the question of what to do, and learned from others who did  have brothers and sisters).  As for me, I interpreted the verse as if it had no comma.  I was aware that the ideal was to treat this young woman as my sister.  Since I have two sisters, I was further aware that an actual brother would try to comfort her in some way, possibly by putting an arm around her shoulder and asking what's wrong.  However, I was putting the emphasis on purity and believing that a brother-sister relationship was somehow deficient.  If I comforted her as I would my own sister, then, would that be one of the brother-sister impurities that 1 Timothy 5:2 (as I misread it) alluded to?  I did not know, and so I--knowing the correct course of action but fearing it was somehow absurdly improper--was also paralyzed (fortunately for this young woman, she had some Sisters in Christ in the room who stepped in and comforted her instead, when both of us men failed to do so).  It is a small thing, but it illustrates the principle.  If we try to absurdly stack sisterhood and purity, we will wind up failing in our Christian duty to love one another because we will hold back in fear and let our love grow cold.  If we realize that sisterhood and purity are one and the same, we will love in a better, purer way than we ever have before.

Herein is Love

Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us, and sent His Son to be the propitiation for our sins.  Beloved, if God so loved us, we aught also to love one another.

-1 John 4:10-11

But God commendeth His love toward us in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.

-Romans 5:8

 Have you ever thought about how odd the placement of the crucifixion is?  In the story of our lives, of the Church, as we know it, the crucifixion stands in the middle of the tale--at least from our perspective.  Truthfully, I often think of it as coming at the beginning, for it happened thousands of years before I was born.  Compared to other stories of great sacrifice, it's out of place.  It would be like Romeo drinking his poison for Juliet at the start of Act One or Gandalf the Grey saving the Fellowship from a Balrogh in the Shire instead of in the Mines of Moriah.  It's surprising, but it's not the same.  It's not what we'd expect.  Usually, we expect the greatest sacrificial acts of love to be made at the end of a relationship that has already proved rewarding.  Romeo and Juliet have shared stolen days and nights of true love before he drinks the poison, deciding he cannot live without her.  Similarly Gandalf has spent many years among the hobbits and been a close personal friend of many of the members of the Fellowship, traveling with them on their arduous journey and enjoying their companionship and help until the day he must fall with the monster to save them all from certain death.

But that's not how God did it.  He did not die to save us when we were most lovable and he had already reaped rewards from His relationship with us and our love for him.  He loved us before we loved Him.  In fact, He sent us His greatest act of love, the Cross, when we least wanted His love and most needed it.

Surely, this is love, not to give to others what they want, but rather what they need.  To love in a way that is necessary rather than in a way that is immediately appreciated and rewarded.  Those who love only for immediate reward get only that, as the Bible makes clear.  But we are commanded to love as God loved, to anticipate the greatest needs of the people around us and to act accordingly.  We may not always be right in our anticipation or our action, but we will be rewarded for our love will be genuine.

Magic in Fiction

Say the name, "Harry Potter" in Christian circles and your bound to get mixed reactions.  Some people, such as my sisters, faun over one of their favorite fantasy-series heroes.  Other people will break out the garlic and pepper spray to ward off the influence of a witch-boy.

Magic has never held a soft spot in the hearts of Christians, or any followers of God, and for good reason.  Whatever the magician's story, Christians explain magic's effects in one of two ways: it's either a sham, a trick with no real power (like a magician pulling a rabbit out of his hat)...or it's playing with the dark forces of Satan and his demons.  In either case, it isn't beneficial and can have some seriously destructive side effects.  Following the Biblical commands against magic (Exodus 22:18, Deuteronomy 18:9-14), Christians have always considered the use or attempted use of magic in our world to be unacceptable.  For much of our history, it was considered a crime worthy of death.

Many Christians make no distinction between the practice of magic in the real world and it's practice in fantasy fiction.  While they admit that the magic in fantasy stories is no more real than the elves and other fantastical creatures that inhabit them, they insist that the use of magic in these stories is dangerous, for it could encourage readers to seek out magic in the real world, which is very dangerous.  One book in particular that has been accused of doing this is the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling.  In it, young Harry Potter comes to learn that he has been gifted with magical powers from birth and he enrolls in the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry for a seven year course in learning to harness these powers--and along the way defeats the evil Lord Voldemort.  Since Harry and his friends are said to be studying to become witches and wizards, casting spells, using divination and the like, many Christians are strongly opposed to the series since they believe that reading it will lead directly to children trying to practice real witchcraft on their own.

But just how real is this threat?  How much of a similarity and a risk is there really?  As an avid reader and writer of fantasy, I felt I had to find out.  If I was sinning by writing magic into my fantasy stories, if I was unintentionally leading my readers into the temptation to practice what God has forbidden, then I had to know.

I felt that the only real place to start was by researching witchcraft itself, as it is practiced in the real world.  After all, if fantasy magic and witchcraft are very closely related, then the risk is high that reading about one could lead to practicing the other.  So, I checked out a book that a Christian had written on the results of her research into the witchcraft religion of Wicca.

What I found was at once somewhat alarming.  The book opens with the writer's visit to Salem, Massachusetts to interview self-proclaimed witches and find out what their beliefs are about.  The town which was once a stronghold of Puritan orthodoxy, the place where even the condemned hated witchcraft and denounced and scorned it, is now a place seemingly overrun with openly practicing witches.  Wicca, the author said, is on the rise, and is believed by some to be one of the fastest growing religious groups in America, though it's very hard to pin down since there are no official Wiccan gatherings and many people slip in and out of its grasp without many of their fellow Wiccans even being aware.

Is Harry Potter and the recent surge in magical fantasy stories responsible for this increase in Wiccan numbers?  The quick answer, I found, was no, not directly in any case.  By no stretch is Harry Potter about Wicca.  While Harry's friends may call themselves witches, they bear no resemblance whatsoever to true witches in our world.  Wicca, for one, is a religion.  While many of it's adherents play fast and loose with their theology, its basic beliefs can be roughly summarized as follows:

1. All is one: everything and everyone in the cosmos is interconnected and of equal value.  Wiccan belief is pantheistic (god is the world and vise versa), and many Wiccan's have strong environmental leanings.
2. Humans are divine: Wiccans hold that, since all is one and god is all, that individual humans are gods and goddesses in their own right.  As such, they believe that they possess divine powers.
3. Gods and the goddess: Wiccan belief falls under the banner of neo-Paganism, which revives the worship of ancient pagan gods and goddesses, often significantly modernizing it and lumping the worship of various deities together.  Wicca is polytheistic, but its adherents generally worship two main gods: the Horned-God and the Goddess.  With the rise of modern feminism, goddess-worship has become a particularly big element in Wicca.
4. Personal power is unlimited: Wiccans hold that their own power is not limited by God and that they do not need to pray to Him.  They have their own resources to fall back on.  Wiccan's are generally highly independent, self-reliant, and anti-authoritarian, which explains why their religion's numbers are so difficult to track.
5. "And harm ye none, do what ye will": Wicca does not lay out a firm moral code and there is, in Wicca, no great distinction between right and wrong.  Wiccan's believe that as long as they aren't harming someone (or something--since everything is one), they are free to do whatever they want.
6. The threefold law: most Wiccan's hold to a form of karma, that whatever anyone does, good or bad, it will return to them three times.  For some Wiccan's this fuels a belief in pasivism: for if an enemy nation has done wrong, then surely their karma will catch up with them eventually.  While many Wiccan's would agree that there does come a point when we have to intervene, they do not, by and large, agree on where that point falls.
7. Consciousness can and should be altered through the practice of ritual: one thing that binds all Wiccan's together is their emphasis on ritual and altered states of consciousness in magic rites in order to tap into and utilize the unseen energies of the spiritual realm.  All Wiccan's share a strong sense of and belief in the supernatural, and believe that it can be used, through rites, rituals, magic objects, spells, and meditation to alter the shape of the natural world around them.

This, of course, bears no relation to the magic of Harry Potter.  In Harry Potter, as in many fantasy stories, magic is a property of the user, which only certain people have access to from birth.  It is not the result of them being part of an interconnected pantheistic cosmos where they are divine, nor is it the harnessing of powers in the spiritual realm around them.  Harry simply has an innate ability to make a wand do outrageous things when he's holding it and says the right words.  Harry Potter also has something Wicca lacks: a strong and well-defined concept of good and evil.  While Wicca is indifferent to morality in general, J.K. Rowling's whole series revolves around a classic clash between good and evil.  To top it all off, J.K. Rowling's book employs one of six "hedges" (http://www.christianfantasy.net/sdg1.html) an author can use to prevent a reader from confusing the magic in their stories for magic in the real world: the "hedge" that magic in her stories is totally fantastic.  Every spell is over the top and absurd, such that no one in their right mind could ever believe that such thing could ever be done in the real world.  Thus, there is very little risk that anyone reading Harry Potter will actually turn to Wicca, and interviews with Wiccans have confirmed this.  While some of the Wiccans interviewed by the author of this book (Wicca's Charm by Catherine Sanders) reported reading Harry Potter before moving on to serious books about Wicca, most did not cite such fantasy stories as an influence: they read Harry Potter the same way they read more conservative fantasy stories such as The Chronicles of Narnia or The Lord of the Rings.

However, magic in popular culture does seem to be on the rise, and Harry Potter is certainly a part of this phenomenon.  In the past generation, a cold empiricism laid hold on much of the culture, Christian and otherwise, resulting in a rise in atheism and agnosticism and disbelief in the supernatural in general.  Even many Christians, influenced by this cultural empiricism, refuse to believe in some of the supernatural realities of the Bible such as special creation, miracles, angels, demons, Satan, and even Heaven and Hell.  The current generation--as generations often do--is reacting against this.  The current generation has a rising fascination and belief in the supernatural, and a desire to experience it not only through fantasy fiction but also through real life.  Since many Christian churches are still in the grip of cold empiricism and cast a dubious eye on anything supernatural--whether good or evil--, some seekers feel compelled to look elsewhere for their real-life taste of the spiritual realm.  If they cannot get it from God, they will get it from the devil, and they run straight for neo-Paganism and Wicca (to be clear, I should say that Wicca is not Satanism.  It's practitioners do not consciously serve Satan or interact with demons: they do not even believe that such things exist.  However, in that Wiccans attempt to--and in some cases, actually do--harness spiritual forces that are not of the God of the Bible, and in that all spiritual forces that are not of God are demonic in nature, in this sense Wiccans can be said to be meddling with the demonic realm--though they doubtless do not know it).

What should be our response, as Christians, to this rising need to identify with the supernatural and interact with spiritual forces?  We should not forget that God is the greatest "spiritual force" of them all and that the Bible brims from cover to cover with supernatural events.  While some Christians have taken the perspective that such happenings are suspended indefinitely, the Bible says nothing to that effect.  As Christians, we have access to the supernatural experiences that people of this new generation are seeking.  We should take full advantage of that, rather than trying to deny the spiritual side of Christianity so that we won't appear foolish before the waning tides of atheism.  Rather than condemning the supernatural wherever we meet it, we should promote our own "magic" (if you will)--for it is superior to what Wicca offers.  While what Wicca offers is a demonic deception, in Christ we have the real deal!

This should shape our approach to magic in fiction as well.  Fantasy writers, like myself, should not cease to use magic in their stories.  How we treat the supernatural is important, in fiction as in reality, and never more so than now.  The magic must go on, but it should be used deliberately.  Great care should be taken to "hedge" against the possibility of fantasy magic being mistaken for witchcraft.  Good and evil must always be distinguished, and each side may be allowed their own magic to draw on--for in the real world, it is so.  Great care must be taken in the way the magic and the supernatural is approached in these fantasy stories.  While these stories are pure fantasy, reading them should always inspire the reader to--if anything--draw closer to God and look to Him as the source of spiritual strength rather than turning to any other source.  In this way, magic in fiction can become more than simply "harmless": it can become a force for good.

Some Tips for Perfectionists and Pleasers

I read psychology books recreationally.  Okay, well, that's not entirely true.  I read them on my own, but not for the sheer pleasure of it.  Often, I find things in psychology books, particularly in Christian psychology books, that help me better understand myself, the world around me, and my relationship with God.  That's why I read psychology books.

Lately, I've been reading a lot of books by Christian birth-order psychologist Kevin Leman--and probably driving my friends a little crazy by constantly analyzing their birth-order (it works though!).  That's a topic for another post, though.  Today, I wanted to talk about another concept I found in his books, the concept of the pleaser.

Dr. Leman describes pleasers as people who are oriented toward pleasing others.  It's what they do.  Pleasers (or people-pleasers) care a lot about what other people think and feel.  They're very nice people who like to keep the oceans of life calm and placid for everyone around them, even if that peace for others comes at the expense of peace for the pleaser.  Sometimes being a pleaser's not such a bad thing.  A mild well-adjusted pleaser is easy to get along with, kind and compassionate, easy-going, and yet able to stand up for him or herself at need.  However, being a pleaser can also be a bad thing.  It can mean allowing yourself to get stepped on by others for no good reason, perhaps even enabling their destructive behaviors.  When the pleaser mixes with perfectionism, its a recipe for disaster.  Such a person:

1. Walks on eggshells to keep everyone happy
2. Wonders why he/she can't seem to do anything right
3. Feels insecure, lacking confidence
4. Avoids confronting others at all costs
5. Is driven by a list of things he/she "should" or "aught to" do, rather than by love or passion
6. Feels overpowered by others, especially those close to him/her
7. Gets little love from others
8. Feels like running/hiding from life's hassles
9. Is easily manipulated by guilt
10. Feigns approval and consent, even when feeling the opposite
11. Is easily talked into things by whoever last spoke with him/her
12. Is afraid to try new things and take risks
13. Is embarrassed to stand up for him/herself or take initiative
14. Is frequently disrespected

Obviously, every pleaser may not exhibit each of these signs, but even having some of these can be a hindrance to effectiveness and joy in the kingdom of God.  Therefore, some pieces of advice for pleasers, drawn in part from Dr. Leman and in part from my own experiences as a pleaser:

1. Get rid of perfectionism.  You are not perfect: only God is.  He loves you as you are.  Set more realistic goals for yourself and be content with your best, not perfection.  Refuse to bite off more than you can chew.
2. Have compassion on yourself and forgive yourself when you mess up.  God forgives you and loves you: do you think you know better than Him?  Your guilt is gone.  Stop trying to pay for past sins.
3. Don't compare yourself to others.  You aren't them.  You're not supposed to be.  You are supposed to be no one but yourself, because that is who God made you to be.
4. Refuse to subject your self-worth to other people's opinions.  Your valuation comes from God, who first of all conceived the idea of you in His mind before creation and considered you a worthwhile enough endeavor to include you in His finite Creation.  Further, He considered you worth dying for on the Cross.  He is the only one who truly knows you, and so His determination of your value is not open to debate or public opinion.  People may offer their evaluations on how you did at this or that or how you are in this area of your life, but they have no authority to evaluate your worth as a person.  If they do, they are simply wrong.  They value you too lowly.
5. Related to the above: realize that implicit in the command that you love your neighbor as yourself is the command that you love yourself.  Believe no criticism except what comes from God, for the sake of building you up: Satan and the world criticize to tear you apart and leave you in ruins.
6. Before you apologize for anything, make sure it's your fault.  When it is, apologize only once.  If you are forgiven, move on.  If you are not, forgive them for holding a grudge and move on. (I know that this piece will come especially hard for me: it used to be that "I'm sorry" slipped off my tongue as easily as "good morning").
7. Be willing to take credit for what you do right.  You don't have to go fishing for praise, nor should you, but when it comes your way the appropriate response is thank you, not "Oh, really, it was nothing" or "I really should have done thus-and-so instead," or, worst of all "I'm sorry..."  You can, of course, give praise to God for allowing you to do whatever it was, and even tell the other person that (which can be good), but He used you to get it done and (if you believe the Bible) He fully intends to reward you for it--and He is right in doing so.
8. Learn how to say no, especially when people want your help with something.  Understand that your gut instinct will always be to say yes, no matter how much you've already taken onto your plate, but that sometimes the most loving thing to do is to refuse to volunteer for a task you cannot hope to complete, so that someone else can do a better job of it.
9. Remember that you know right and wrong as good as anyone else.  When you feel wronged, let the offender know immediately, if possible.  There's a difference between turning the other cheek and letting someone unintentionally sin against you for years.
10. Do not shirk from conflict when it is necessary.  Realize that sometimes a storm in someone else's ocean of life is the best thing for them.  This is especially true in areas of discipline, correction, and rebuke.  Sometimes, the most loving thing you can do for someone is to slap them in the face when they're acting like a total...well, you know.
11. Don't be ashamed of being a pleaser.  It has its pitfalls, but also its advantages.  Realize that, when you aren't trying to live your life under a stormcloud of other people's/your own unfulfilled expectations, you have a greater ability to perceive the needs of others and act on them with compassion than many of the people around you.  The ability is only available to you when you're not overwhelmed with guilt, self-deprecation, responsibility, and peer pressure, though--so get out from under these by all means so that you can start actually serving and loving the people around you.

A Pursuit Observed: Recurring Themes

I have had the opportunity to observe firsthand, through my own journals and diaries, how God pursues a heart--as He pursues mine.  I was reflecting on this process the other day and saw some common themes, which recurred throughout my life with God.  Tonight, as I listened to my friends pray and talk about God, it seemed that these themes applied to their lives as well.  I figured I should sit down then and write them out, where they could benefit me and maybe others as well, helping us make sense of day to day pursuit by God.  So, here they are.  Since all believers are members of the Church, and the Church is feminine in relationship with God (Ephesians 5:25-32), I will use the convention of calling God, the Pursuer, He and the object of His desire She.

(1) First of all, it is a pursuit.  There is a Pursuer--a Romancer--and a Quarry--a Beloved.  These are the two basic roles of this sort of relationship with God.  I would not go so far as to say that every action and reaction of the relationship takes place within this framework--though I suppose it might--nor that the roles do not temporarily reverse.  However, by and large, the relationship is best viewed this way: God is the Pursuer, the Romancer.  We are His Quarry, His Beloved.

(2) These roles are interdependent.  The Romancer pursues the Beloved, romancing her and attempting to win Her heart.  This process requires participation from both parties.  Both of them have a part to play which cannot be--and I think, shouldn't be--controlled or played by the other party.
(A) The Romancer cannot control the Beloved's reaction to his advances.  She is free to reject them or accept them at will, and she must be.  For the Pursuer to attempt to arrange it otherwise would be to force Her--and God would never do such a thing to His Beloved.
(B) The same thing goes the other way: the Quarry (the Beloved--though usually when this becomes an issue, She's behaving like a Quarry more than a Beloved) cannot control the actions of the Pursuer.  This is usually a much bigger issue in a relationship with God than the Pursuer trying to force the Quarry (since God, being perfect, never does such a thing).  The Quarry however (as I can attest, having done this frequently myself) will very often attempt to seize control of the Pursuer's actions.  For myself, I can say its a security issue.  I get an artificial sense of safety when I have control--or when I feel like I am in control--of my relationship with God.  After all, if I am in control nothing I don't like will happen, right?  Of course, the only effective way to be in control of this kind of relationship is to try to seize authority over the actions of the Pursuer, to dictate to Him how He can and cannot romance me, to lay down a set of laws and boundaries.  This gives me a sense of safety, but it is false, and it strangles off the romance and joy of the relationship.  While it is tempting as a Quarry to try to control the actions of the Pursuer, it is ultimately unsatisfying to do so.

(3) This leads me to another theme I've noticed in my life as a Quarry/Beloved.  There is a certain cognitive dissonance involved in playing this role with God.  On the one hand, there is the Quarry's desire to be in control, to feel safe, to escape.  These appear to be instinctive reactions, probably coming from the flesh.  Yet on the other hand, there is the Beloved's desire to be loved, to be romanced, to be held, captivated, surprised, and awed.  These desires are totally incompatible with each other, but nevertheless they exist simultaneously in me whenever God pursues me.  There's a little tug to try to escape or try to get Him to stop it--but at the same time I don't want Him to stop.  It feels good, and I want Him to romance me more, and if I run, I do not want to get away: I want Him to catch me.  As the Beloved, my greatest hope is that someday He will succeed in capturing my heart so thoroughly that my Quarry tendencies will evaporate and I will be content to remain forever "caught"--eternally His.  If I am to take the Bible seriously, with it's talk of Heaven, this desire will someday be granted.

(4) The above conflict within the Beloved can lead to a roller-coaster or yo-yo relationship with God.  There will be times when the Beloved feels intensely romanced by God, when She opens her heart to His advances, revels in His love.  Then, there are times--often juxtaposed with these other times--when the Quarry will take over, when She will run from the Pursuer or try to dictate His pursuit and wall Her heart off from Him.  If at this point the Pursuer were to give up, the relationship would be over.  Fortunately, we serve a God Whose patience and persistence are--well--truly divine.  He never gives up.  While He does allow the Quarry to attempt to escape to the best of Her abilities, He will make it hard for her to do so effectively by hindering her flight and pursuing her.  In the end, His limitless endurance and fearless persistence always win.  The Quarry becomes disheartened in Her flight and gives up, allowing Herself to fall into His arms.  At the same time (or alternately), the Beloved's heart is stirred by the Romancer's pursuit.  She remembers the joy of being romanced, and loses the desire to flee, control, or avoid the Pursuer, surrendering Herself to Him.  From hearing a number of believers discuss their relationship with God, this kind of dynamic seems to be the norm.

(5) A new thing I'm noticing, still learning, is that the Romancer, God, sees the Beloved as having great inherent value.  He sees Her as irreplaceable.  He loves Her without regard for her present, past, or future actions.  This is, at least in part, motive for His pursuit.  Myself, I find this very hard to understand.  I do not see this value in myself.  When I do see value, I tend to try to place it in what I do, not who I am.  God disagrees.